Recruitment and Selection in Business Essay

Department of Business In conjunction with Edexcel Edexcel BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Business Assessment Information Unit No & Name: Unit 13: Recruitment and Selection in Business level 3 Lecturers/Assessor Name: Date Set: w/c Sept 2013 Assignment Name: 1 of 2 Recruitment. Submission Date: As detailed on assignment Edexcel Unit Code A/502/5434 Assessment Type: Internal (Portfolio) Unit Credit Value 10 Internal Standardisation Assignment Brief Assessments Author: Assessor 1 Internal Verifier: Assessor 2 Date: Sept 2013 Internal Verifier(s): Assessment Resources Document/File Name of Document/File VLE Network Assignment Brief: Unit 13: Recruitment and Selection in Business ï   Unit Specification: See VLE or Edexcel.comQualifications ï   ï   Feedback Header Sheet: CF015 will be attached for formative and summative feedback Learning Outcomes relevant to assignment linked to:- 1 Know the processes involved in recruitment planning 2 Understand the implications of the regulatory framework for the process of recruitment and selection Level 2 Level 3 Unit 1: The Business Environment (10) * Unit 4: Business Communication (10) ** Unit 16: Human Resource Management in Business (10) Tasks Task Submission Dates Task 1 Task 2 Task 2a Task 3 Week ending 4th October 2013 Week ending 25th October 2013 Week ending 8th November 2013 Week ending 22nd November 2013 Performance Criteria Assessed in this assignment: Note that this IS / NOT a whole Unit assignment. Pass P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Merit M1 M2 M3 M4 Dist D1 D2 D3 Comments and Deadlines Note: All tasks must be completed by the deadlines set. Failure to do so may mean that the higher grades may not be obtained. Evidence may be submitted for other units stated above but put into context. Make sure you xref to grade. Scenario: This scenario relates to recruitment selection, advertising and preparing documents for different job roles. You are working for a recruitment agency and they have asked you to review and write a report about the recruitment processes of two separate organisations. You will prepare advertisement and appropriate documentation for an organisation. The first job is for an Administrator Assistant for the Finance area of a College and also for a Team Leader in a Supermarket. To confirm that the documentation is correct and accurate you will complete the documentation and submit for checking to your line manager. Your line manager has asked you to identify how similar organisations plan recruitment using internal and external sources. Using the format below you are then to produce a report identifying why the 2 organisations identified need to recruit and how they plan their recruitment. To: (Insert Teachers name) From: (Insert your name) Date: (Insert month and year) Re: Recruitment and Selection Task 1 (P1) : Identify how two organisations plan recruitment using internal and external sources. Prepare a planning sheet this will support you to write your report. Once this has been completed, you will then create the relevant report to show that you gained an understanding about the processes for recruiting staff for two separate organisations. This report should be headed up â€Å"Processes involved with recruitment planning by comparing 2 organisations, using internal and external sources.† The report should have an opening paragraph introducing your aim with NO SUB HEADINGS The main section should contain the following: Section 1: Reasons for Recruitment -The reasons for vacancies. Section 2: Internal Recruitment – The internal aspects of recruitment planning, including advertising internally, promotion and succession planning. Section 3: External Recruitment – The external aspects of recruitment planning, including advertising internally, promotion and succession planning. Section 4: Identify 2 organisations: Research and analyse about Tesco (Sainsbury’s) and Havering College. Why should they take the decision to recruit by using different processes to recruit for internal and external staff. (Refer to sections 1 to 3). Section 5: Recruitment Process Diagram and methods of application: Compare the organisations recruitment methods, which can be shown in a recruitment process diagram and the methods of application that are used. Conclusion which should contain the advantages and disadvantages of recruiting internally and externally. Recommendations of whether to recruit internally or externally. Task 1 addresses P1 identify how two organisations plan recruitment using internal and external sources complete by 4th October 2013 This report should be 3 – 4 pages in length – see Appendix 1 Task 2 (P3) Recruitment pack As part of your training you need to familiar with all documentation used for recruitment and their purpose. You must identify all the documents used in the three stages of the selection process (P3). Job description, Person specification and Application documentation which includes a letter, application form and curriculum vitae. You must know the purpose of the key documents and the purpose of the information that the completed documents will provide for the interviewers. You must present this in a suitable format to your line manager. See appendix 1. You have been asked to produce documents for the position at a College and Team Leader for a supermarket (See scenario). These will include: 1) A job description (see P3) 2) Person specification (see P3) 3) Create job advertisement, (you need to create a company name and logo). 4) Develop a CV 5) Complete application forms (paper based and online) 6) Produce a covering letter This needs to be to a good standard as it will be used during the interview process. P3 Develop and produce the recruitment pack complete by – 8th November 2013 Task 2a (P3) – By producing a report to develop Task 2 further to include the following you may be able to achieve M1 and D1. Addresses M1: compare the purposes of the different documents used in the selection and recruitment process for a given organisation. Addresses D1: Look at the documentation collected and make judgments on the usefulness of documents that you have collated in the interview pack. Consider the interview pack you have produced. You must judge how effective and useful each of the documents is that you have produced. How do they help you and the organisation manage and conduct the interview? How do they help you make a decision in the interview process? Do any of them limit your decision in the selection process? You can use SWOT analysis to help you consider the strengths and weaknesses of the process. M1 and D1 compare the purpose and evaluate the usefulness of the documents in the interview pack for a given organisation, in facilitating the interview process – complete by 8th November 2013 Task 3 (P2): Create a presentation relating to the following: (Please include speaker notes – minimum of 10 slides) The presentation must include information on the following legislation and the impact of that legislation on recruitment when conducting interviews. This must be done by providing a concise, but detailed presentation for interviewers on:- Sex Discrimination Act 1995/97 Race Relations Act 1992 Equal Pay Act 1970 Disability Discrimination Acts 1995 and 2005 European Working Time Directive Employment Act 2002 and Work and Families Act 2006 Age discrimination Act Sexual Orientation Act Data Protection Act 1998 What ethical/moral reasons should we follow when recruiting staff? Make sure you include speaker’s notes for each slide which support your presentation. You may wish to use images or charts to enhance your work. Include a bibliography of sources of useful information from your research. Task 3 (P2) legal and the impact of legislation on recruitment – complete by 22 Nov 2013 Appendix 1 Please note that all assignments for this unit are to be submitted on one of the deadline dates listed above. Please make sure all assignments are completed with your name, student number and signature. Guidance Notes: Please read P1: It may help to research about working with an agency so that you gain an understanding about working in this environment. Consider other areas in the department and the duties they would be expected to do for each area or section which could support your job role. Look at how the college and supermarket would recruit and who might apply internally and also the types of methods that can be used for external recruitment process. Guidance Notes: Please read P3: When writing the job description and person specification, if you use the internet as a source please remember to ensure that the post contains duties that would be required by the college and not just generic duties that may have been found from your internet source. Guidance Notes: Please read P2: When researching for the legislation and the impact of that legislation on recruitment, please ensure that you give clear and precise information so that everyone is aware of the legislation and please do not use technical jargon. PLEASE CHECK ALL DOCUMENTS FOR SPELLING, GRAMMAR AND PUNCTUATION

A Rhetorical Approach to Interpersonal Communication File

In the theory of a rhetorical approach, three primary ways are identified in order to achieve the goals of interpersonal rhetoric. They are rhetorical reflector, rhetorically sensitive person and Nobel self. In this paper, the applicability of these three ways will be discussed since their applicability is different in Hong Kong culture. First, the way that works best in Hong Kong culture is the Nobel self, who is unwilling to change for others. This theory works best because of the way that parents taking care of their children. The average number of children in each family in Hong Kong has decreased compared to the families in the past, which have nearly doubled the average numbers of children in each family, so parents can pay more attention on each child. Also, parents tend to build up a positive parental relationship with their children by satisfying most of the wants of the children and putting their children at the first priority. Since the children are used to be the center of their parents, they become self-centered, that is they put their own feelings in the first priority, as a result, their abilities to change for others are reduced. The example to show that Nobel self works best in Hong Kong is a group of teenagers in Hong Kong who the society described them as â€Å"a group of people having the illusion of being a princess or a prince. † These teenagers believe that they should be treated as princesses or princes that they don’t have to do anything or to bear any responsibility. The main cause of this group is stated above. These teenagers are unwilling to change for others especially their relational partners because they think that everyone will change for them just like their families do. This type of teenagers shows that the Nobel self work best in Hong Kong. The part of the theories that does not work in Hong Kong is the rhetorical reflector, who is willing to change to please their partners. In Hong Kong, people are trained to possess a critical thinking skill, which means they should have their own judgment towards an issue, instead of influencing by others, for example, in the relationship of boss and employees, if the boss ask his employee to do illegal work, the employee will judge the situation using his value of right or wrong to decide doing it or not. He will not sacrifice themselves by changing their value and doing the work in order to lease the boss. This critical thinking skill enables the people in Hong Kong to think independently, so that their values and thoughts will be influenced by others. They are not willing to change to please their partners, but if there are strong evidences or supporting materials, they will change. Therefore, the rhetorical reflector theory does not work in Hong Kong. Finally, rhetorically sensit ive person works in modified way in Hong Kong. The theory is applicable in the situation that there is a difference in power, such as the teacher and student relationship, which the teacher is having a higher power. The student who has lower power will be rhetorical sensitive, for example, the student believes that he has done nothing wrong for being late to school, but when explaining to the teacher, he will change his discourse by not stating his judgment towards the issue. Instead, he will give excuses to blame it on other things. The hidden value of the excuses is that the student has done nothing wrong in this issue. However, if there is no difference in the power in the relationship, such as siblings, the student will not change his discourse. He will express his value directly to his siblings. This approach is the application of Nobel self. Since the student know that they have equal power in the relationship, that means they have equal control over the definition of the relationship, so the first priority, which is his own feeling, will come first. He is unwilling to change for others once there is no difference in power in the relationship. Hong Kong culture is a complex, so the applicability of the three primary ways in the rhetorical approach is different in Hong Kong culture even though they are developed from the same theory.

A History and Effects of Concussions in Football and Hockey

A History and Effects of Concussions in Football and Hockey A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury which results from a bump blow or jolt to either the head or body causing the brain to move rapidly in the skull. A concussion affects normal brain function and can have severe and long-term health effects (McGannon, et al., 2013). In this regard, an individual should not ignore the slightest bump on the head as it can have serious long-term effects. The signs and symptoms of a concussion include headaches, nausea, fatigue, memory problems, confusion and sleep disturbances or even mood changes. Symptoms manifest right after the injury, but some are not recognized until later. It is estimated that 1.6 to 3.8 concussions occur each year in the US associated with sports and recreation. Concussions in Football and Hockey since the 1990’s Diehl (2010), asserts that the National Football League continues to have an increased number of retired players who have suffered concussions and developed memory and cognitive issues such as Alzheimer’s, depression and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is a degenerative brain disease associated with multiple head traumas. In 1994, Paul Tagliabue the NFL commissioner created the Mild Traumatic Brain Injury committee. He also asserts that concussions are a part of the profession and as an occupational hazard. In the same year, Troy Aikman a Dallas quarterback took a knee to head an event that landed him in the hospital. In the same year, Chicago Bears Merrill Hoge retires due to multiple injuries on the head which result into not being able to recognize anyone. The NFL commissioner dismissed the reports on the media that concussions were increasing as mere assumptions. In 1995, Pellman experimented with Boomer Esiason’s return from a concussion by using an unproven system involving QB’s sitting before a computer screen and concentrating. In 1997, The American Academy of Neurology published its guidelines recommending removal of players after having concussions, but NFL dismisses it. In 1999, NFL issued millions in disability payments to retired players. In 2,000, research indicates 61% of former NFL players have had concussions. 49% of the players had numbness or tingling, 28% had neck or cervical spine arthritis, 31% had memory loss issues, and 16% could not dress while 11% could not feed themselves (Macciocchi, 2001). In 2012 NFL reported 261 concussions, 229 in 2013, 206 in 2014 and 271 in 2015. In 2016, the NFL and NFL Players’ Association implemented a new policy to enforce concussion protocol. In Ice Hockey, total concussions are relatively small as compared to football. There is lower participation in the game at both high school and college level. Research indicates that since 1990 through to 2004, the rate of concussions in men who participated in the sport stood at 0.41 per 1000. Concussions in hockey players happen at 6.3% during practice and at 10.3% during the game. The relationship between age and shocks, however, remains unclear. Since 1995 to 1997, the concussion rate was higher in ice hockey players. Since 2006 to 2013, only 511 incidents were reported in 844 games (Iverson et al., 2001). How the media portrays concussions in football compared to Ice hockey? Slobounov and Sebastianelli (2014) cite that the concussion issues in sports have recently attracted considerable media coverage in the past few years. The media focused on professional football or Ice Hockey and such like high-speed games where there is full contact between powerful players. Despite there has been a dramatic improvement on how the media reports on the severity associated with serious brain injuries and concussions, more need to be done to improve the health of the players. It is of essence that the media reports on facts rather than sensationalizing issues that could lead to misinterpretation of such sports. Hockey and Football are the collision sports with the highest rate of concussions according to media reports. The discrepancy between reported cases and actual injuries are similar in football, which has the largest cases of concussions (Womble and Collins, 2016). The American media leaves the impression that TBI and violence are part and parcel of hockey and cannot be avoided. In the past, the media focused on TBI only when star players were affected, however, there is a shift in focus since all players are included. In both Ice Hockey and Football, the media would in the past indicate that protective gear was a way to ensure player’s safety, but they now say that protective gear is part of the problem since it makes the players feel invulnerable invoking risk taking in them. The media has been blamed for fanning fear of the long-term effects associated with head injuries. The NHL accused media of speculation and spreading fear rather than having scientific evidence (Niranjan and Lunsford, 2014). Further, the Commission denied media reports that concussions are likely to lead to CTE in the long run. The media has covered all players who have died in the NHL as being suspected of having CTE. The media has investigated all deaths of Ice hockey players by first assuming that they had brain related injuries, as a result of concussions they acquired from the field. It is no different with football players in the NFL. Despite numerous reports associating head injuries to brain damage, the NFL still denies the connection. The media reports about the players who are reluctant to report injuries for fear of missing play time. Such players do not realize the long term effects until they retire from the field. Concussions in Ice hockey and football Both football and hockey are physical contact sports that can have strenuous effects on the body. In respect to concussions or overall injuries, football appears to be affected than hockey. The American Sports data carried out research in 2006 that indicates that in every 100 participants of ice hockey 9.5 received concussions while the number doubled in football. Other determinants of injuries include the position of the players in both games. Defensemen and forwards in hockey are likely to sustain concussions since they spend a lot of time skating and in contact with others In football, however, goalkeepers are less liable to sustain injuries as compared to other players in touch with the opposition. Concussions are similar in both sports with most of them resulting from T-bone hits or between the eyes. The hit rattles the brain’s center of gravity. Further, the run makes the mind to rock dangerously forward and backward such that it hits the skull. In younger players, the brain is flush with the bone making the effect less severe. What’s more, helmet to helmet hits can cause serious injuries. Bumps to the side of the head are far more serious since the spinning of the brain during a rotational concussion can lead to serious injuries. Experts assert that rotational forces result in breakage of nerve cells and fibers eventually causing a stretch in the blood vessels beyond their ability to stay intact. After a hit, the brain gradually accelerates releasing neurotransmitters which eventually become chaotic and useless. The cell fails to transmit nerve impulses since it’s impaired and not –functional. Protocols for football and hockey athletes Throughout history, considerable information has been accumulated regarding the psychological and physical attributes of high profile players. Based on the present information, desirable fitness profiles are laid out for elite players particularly in hockey, and the patterns are used to compare future players. The protocols are necessary to identify a player’s weaknesses, fitness and physical or physiological capability of a player. There is a model for sports injury prevention which follows a conceptual process. The model determines the extent of harm; it also determines the mechanism of particular injury that needs to be prevented, developing and implementing interventions as well as reassesses the injury incidence to determine whether the process was a success. The NHL and NLF have come up with measures to prevent concussions likely to lead to brain damage in the future. They organizations have established concussion management protocols which entail baseline testing that requires all athletes to complete an Impact Neurocognitive as well as a Biodex balance system baseline test before they are cleared as first-year athletes. The test includes checking concussion history, cognitive assessment, and symptom evaluation. The NHL and NFL have made significant strides in reducing the number of a concussion occurring in the field. While concussions cannot be eliminated, they can be reduced. In this regard, technological advancements in finding solutions have been adopted. The NFL, for instance, introduced protective gear and new helmets, therefore making profound changes progressively and quickly. The newly introduced helmets have a cut out at the front meant to make it flex more but at the same time maintain an overall stiffness. Additionally, the thick padding that is behind the free space makes it move less, but just enough such that the player can take big hits. The impact from any side allows flex in the helmet such that it can dissipate the hit before the impact is felt on the head. Those are just a few of the features relating to new helmets and mouth guards intended to reduce injuries. It is worth noting that the new initiatives introduced before there are significant reduction and significance to the athletes. Besides new improved attire, the league implemented two rule changes with an objective of augmenting athlete’s safety. Firstly, an offensive player intending to catch a ball that has already been intercepted will be ruled as defenseless, therefore, cannot be attacked in the neck area or head by the opposition as possession changes and a penalty will be enforced. Moreover, the league has issued certified players trainers who are located in sky boxes in every game the mandate to stop play at the touch of a button once they see a player exhibiting injury signs even if he sustained the injuries in previous games. What’s more, the NFL is liaising with Canadian football league to improve concussion treatment. NHL, on the other hand, recommends the use of standardized helmets to reduce incidents of skull injuries besides issuing proper training to determine head and neck injury. The NHL concussion protocol stipulates that players must get approval from the team doctor before r eturning to play. They are taken to a calm place to be evaluated; their memories, balance as well as general awareness are assessed. However, the NHL and NFL need to do much more to reduce incidents of injury in the field. Firstly, there should be mandatory sit out periods for concussed players. Additionally, there should be independent doctors to examine the players. The NHL and NFL should ensure retired players are taken care of with proper remuneration as well as medical covers. Evolving Technologies likely to prevent concussions Lots of focus has been placed on developing technologies and equipment with an objective of preventing head injuries. Since 1990’s, helmets were designed to minimize head injury resulting in morbidity and mortality. Such helmets were nothing more of leather padding, therefore, were slowly replaced with metal helmets with plastic to reinforce protection. Although helmets can assist players to minimize the extent of the injury sustained, recent innovations such as the Q-collar made by Q-30 innovations utilizes a radical approach to determine the extent of injuries on a player (Fainaru-Wada and Fainaru, 2014). The device lightly clamps down a player’s jugular veins causing the brain to swell and fit more appropriately within the skull. The idea is to create a backfill in the brain such that the volume of blood increases. The device, therefore, assists in determining the actual number of hits a player sustains. Current technologies seem to concentrate on improving helmets b y redesigning them such that they can displace the force of a blow or minimize the impact for the part of the face or head that takes the most hit. NFL and NHL health care plan for players Health and wellness entail much more than the emotional or physical well-being. It means having resources and support to ensure stability and productivity in all areas of life. Players need health care benefits as well as specialized treatment programs. What’s more financial assistance and career building are imperative. The NFL offers a comprehensive wellness program to its athletes (Webbe, 2011). The program involves providing free consultation on a medical issue for the players and their family. Players are checked before games and have a health insurance package. Moreover, retired players have access to a neurological care program that provides access to comprehensive tests in six hospitals across the US. The players also have access to the spine treatment program across selected hospitals in the US. Moreover, they have a joint replacement program, prescription drug card program, priority access to assisted living as well as a vested inactive life insurance. NHL, on the other hand, provides medical cover for the players on a contractual base of seven years and beyond that if a player sustains injuries. Moreover, the league provides insurance to some players through a temporary total disability program where each team pays a premium according to the salaries of the five top paid players but it can administer the coverage in a manner it sees fit. Effects of Concussions on NHL and NFL players Concussions, as established earlier, have long become part of hockey and football. However, minimal concussions can be experienced through recommended precautionary measures combined with the recent technologies. It is imperative that players maintain their well-being for the sake of the game as well as their lives in the long haul. Concussions have led to a loss of talented athletes or long term irreversible injuries. Once a player sustains a head injury, the resulting effect is that he gets pulled out of the game, sometimes never to play again which is a costly affair to the team. Benefits packages offered to players who have had concussions can affect the associations negatively such that they may fail to have enough resources for the active players. Concussion issues have led to numerous lawsuits that are costly for both leagues (Robidoux, 2001). Long-term effects of multiple concussions Exposure to concussions can cause an individual player to have mild cognitive impairments (MCI’s), CTE as well as other adverse outcomes. Additionally, multiple concussions can lead to post-concussion syndrome (PCS) (Robidoux, 2001). As such, it is paramount that a player fully recovers from a single concussion rather than risking a subsequent concussion. Failure to adhere could lead to severe neurological damage. With such an understanding, managing concussions calls for comprehensive, specialized and state of the art methods. Conclusion The media has taken personal interest researching and reporting on concussions experienced in football, ice hockey, and all contact sports. Despite the growing awareness about the long-term effects of concussions from contact sports, calls by the media and the public to burn such sports may be premature. Collision sports expose individuals to neurological dangers, but they come with a host of benefits as well. The media has sensitized the public about the dangers linked to concussions prompting the NHL and NFL to take appropriate actions to reduce concussion rates. As such, one could argue that the media has played a significant role in saving the lives of individual players or highlighting their plight. Many athletes have received treatment and benefits due to media exposure.

Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice Management Term Paper

Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice Management - Term Paper Example There has been a 605% increase in violent crimes in U.S.A alone since 1953. Americans view violence and crime as the most significant issue being witnessed in the U.S.A. A good criminal justice system helps to maintain law and order of a country under control. Even though the administration is toothed with an exhaustive power to trace and punish criminals, many procedures have been set out by the American Constitution like the right to engage a counsel, right to remain silent, right to appeal, etc. for an accused. The main intention of a criminal law is to safeguard society. One of the famous maxims about criminal law is that the punishment must fit the crime. Thus, this research study helps to evaluate what a criminal system is, a comparison between traditional and contemporary policing, legal, diversity and ethical issues associated with American Criminal Justice System and about its intricacies in detail. [Summers &Hoffman, 2002, p.173]. Criminal justice system consists of a great number of actors executing different jobs like judges, police officers, probation officers, bondsman, etc. Each player in the criminal justice system requires to gain assistance and cooperation of the other actors by assisting those players to accomplish their objectives. The federal system of the United States is founded on the substratum notion that the states administer the principal responsibility for criminal justice and hence, criminal justice is the nucleus of state and not national responsibility.[Barkow,2003,p.33]. Currently, there is no single criminal justice system in U.S.A as different states follow many systems that are identical but individually distinctive.  

My Nursing ethic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Nursing ethic - Essay Example In my world view and philosophy of nursing, I attribute spirituality with the practices of meditation, association with nature, identifying with a higher spiritual power and expressing concerns such as forgiveness, gratitude, meaning of life, hope and responsibility. These spiritual elements help one to recognize that his or her responsibilities to clients are beyond the physical aspect. The spirituality aspect enhances the manner in which nursing work is done. It is not only to fulfill the responsibility one has to a patient but to the creator too. Personal attributes include fairness, accountability and dignity. The personal attributes in my view are meant to enhance care to the patients. Dignity dictates that I advocate for self-respect of individuals while accountability demands that I be fully liable for what I do. Fairness is a trait requires me to promote equity as God would like. My cultural values overview impacts me to identify the need to conduct nursing by showing sensiti vity to different cultures and their cultural beliefs, sexual orientation, gender and race. This is a very important detail as the diversity in patients is a common thing. In the context of my obligation to the nursing practice, I consider values as those personal beliefs regarding the worth of any custom, attitude or idea. This implies that they are part of me in my practice and I should uphold what I strongly regard as essential. Ethics focus on the philosophical ideals of what is considered wrong or right way of behaving in my nursing profession. There are basic principles that define the constituents of the wrong or right behavior (Moyet, 2010). Morals are the ideals that I have put forward with respect to wrong or right conduct in my practice. Unlike ethics, morals come from the individual. Quite a number of times, ethical dilemmas may arise as what the society deems right or wrong may conflict with personal convictions regarding the same. Ethics in nursing

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Essay

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) - Essay Example The policies of IFRS are more advanced and precise for meeting the changes in the new accounting and audit systems, so US is also moving towards IFRS. The US GAAP is actually concept based, whereas IFRS is based on principles. The methodology of these two frameworks and the accounting treatments are also different. In US GAAP, the research is mainly based on the literature but in case of IFRS, the rules are mainly based on reviews and patterns of facts. Table of Contents International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 4 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 5 Different between IFRS and GAAP 5 International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a principle based framework created to develop new standards of accounting and auditing. The International Accounting Standards (IAS) was renamed as IFRS and the policies of IAS was also changed or renewed under this. The IFRS was constructed to develop a globalised accounting an d auditing model. The IFRS approves three main accounting models: The current cost accounting, maintenance of financial capital in the units of the constant purchasing power and the capital for maintaining nominal monetary units. IFRS follows three basic assumptions: Going on Concern: It states that an entity will continue its activities and any form of hindrance would not stop it from doing so. The assumption for proper and stable measuring units: The changes in the purchasing ability of functional currency excluding the 26 percent p.a. for consecutive 3 years can be considered immaterial for not considering the capital maintenance as stated in the guidelines of IFRS. Purchasing Power: It considers the constant power to purchase at all levels of inflation and deflation in relation to the consumer price index. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) The Generally Accepted Accounting principles (GAAP) are the rules in relation to accounting and auditing which are used for pre senting, and preparing the financial reports or statements for different entity. It includes the policies for the entire accounting and auditing industry. The GAAP is actually set or formulated by the Government Accounting Standard Board (GASB). The basic objectives of GAAP are: To safe guard the interest of the investors. To help the authorities take important financial decisions. It plays a significant role in maintaining records. It improves the performance of the organization (Cerritos, n. d.). Different between IFRS and GAAP The basic difference between IFRS and US GAAP framework are: Inventory: Under the system of IFRS, the LIFO system cannot be used, but in GAAP both LIFO and FIFO are allowed. So companies have choices in the second case. Cost of Development: In case of IFRS the

Human Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Geography - Essay Example The development of a certain geographical location in relation to people living there and the distribution of economic activities in that area are also considered. Human geography as a discipline includes various factors when carrying out a study on an area. These factors include historical characteristics of the area. History of a place can determine the type of houses that people build and the general layout of the town or city. The economic activities in a particular town are determinants in the human geography of a particular place because it is basis of what human geography studies. The economics of a place dictate the income generated by people of a particular town thus influencing the human geography of the area. The population size is factor that contributes to human geo of a place because there is always a difference between a densely populated and a sparsely populated region. Politics of a place can also be a determinant because, divisive politics causes conflict, which in human geo, is characterized by destruction and chaos. Settlement pattern in a given area depicts a lot about the human geo of a place. An organized settlement is resplendent of a working class population while the reverse could be said about job less population. This paper aims to highlight the human geography of a district in Peterborough city referred to by the name of Census Tract 11. According to secondary sources, this area has a high population of people with an average mean of age 42 years. Although this is the mean age, there is relatively high population of children between the years of 5 and 10, which is evidenced by large numbers of kids seen playing in Parkhill/Water on the south. The social space of the district is characteristic of efforts by the authority to satisfy the need for more playing space. This is done to complement the existing space with mobile playpens at supermarkets and any other available and unused space. The area also has a fair amount of student popu lation that is characterized by cyber cafes and coffee shops. This shops and cafes have been installed with wireless access to the internet enabling the student population to handle their school while socializing. An ice rink is available in the area where the high schools in the area can hold their ice hockey games and recreational ice skating. The tract is mainly composed of middle class residents, which are illustrated, by the type of cars parked during the day in the driveways. The cars exhibit a relatively fair and standard of living of living with most of showing two car parking spaces. The student population and low-income earners, who live within the tract, mainly use the public transport system. Most of the houses in the tract are big houses meant to hold families comfortably. The houses look like they are mostly mortgage acquired homes because it does not look like their respective owners could have built them (Norton, 2010). According to secondary sources, I expected to s ee low-end houses where the residents are low-income earners who cannot afford the houses exhibited in other tracts in the city. The area has a couple of housing apartments that are mostly leased out to students or temporary residents. There was no sign of any semi permanent housing in the tract leave for the tents used by restaurants to extend their businesses to the pavements on the streets. There is evidence or recent development of row homes a characteristic of upsurge in real estate business in the

How Poverty Development Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How Poverty Development Works - Essay Example Any developer who gets trapped into the basic snare either never did sufficient study and/or never understands how the procedure of development operates and what affects the profit and loss aspects. The ultimate aim of this context is to examine different sectors that entail property development. It also looks at different property development people and their overall duties in the field of development (Stephanie, 2000). The paper also examines the responsibilities of developers and the risks they face in the field of development. Different Development Sectors Property development contains several sectors and fields that have different specific professional developers. The first and foremost development sector or field is the financial sectors. There is no doubt that development needs 100% funding process to accomplish it (Loretta, et al., 2010). The resolving factor is actually tackled by the way the funding process is structured. The funding process contains three main tiers which include high street Banks, Off High street banking and High Net worth Organizations (Friedman, 1999). Another important sector is the planning, which involves the entire process of developing the best structure and procedure to develop a property. This process is vital because it determines the outcome of the development. It is where realistic budgets are developed and followed to the fullest. Another sector is the design and costing which is the overall determination of how the entire structure would look like. The people behind this work are the architects who come up with different beautiful designs (Adler, 2000). The Process The process of development involves a range of observations on and illustrations of, the development procedure. This makes the process to be simple and can be compared to any other industrial production procedure that encompasses the blending of a range of inputs to attain an output or product. In the property development case, the product is modification of the way land is used and/or a new or adjusted building in a process that blends land, finance, labor and materials (Matteo, 2009). Nevertheless, unlike industrial production, property development is complicated thus occurs over a substantial period. The outcome of development is exclusive, either in terms of its location and/or physical characteristics. Besides, no other procedure functions under such steady public attention. The process of development is divided into different categories namely; initiation stage, evaluation stage, acquisition, design and costing, permissions, commitment, implementation and lastly let/manage/dispose stage. Since the process of property development is not essentially a sequential activity, the stages in the process sometimes overlap or repeat (Ley, 2004). List of Developers and their Roles and Responsibilities Developers normally function majorly as either traders or investors. Several small companies have to carry out business through selling the p roperties they develop since they do not have sufficient capital resources to keep their accomplished schemes. Several public quoted development firms well known, as merchant developers prefer to trade developments to take advantage of increasing rents and values (Christopher, 2000). The first group of developers is the trader-developers who main function is to develop properties and sale them since they do

Managerial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Managerial Accounting - Essay Example Initially, they started off with producing high quality record players which attracted customers belonging to a certain age group but gradually they shifted into producing technologically advanced products such as CD players, MP3 players and USB turntable. This helped the company to reach a wider customer base, rather only a younger one. This indicates that their primary strategy was to achieve a higher level of customer satisfaction. In addition to that, GEK’s leaders followed a team or sound style of leadership strategy which was concerned with both the production and employees (Zeidan 2009, 82-85). This was evident from the fact that highly skilled and experienced employees were paid sufficiently well. B. Strength: The development of the USB turntable has proven to be a huge strength for GEK technologies. With the rising demand for new style of products which demonstrated portability, USB turntable was a perfect introduction. This is evident from the sharper than expected i ncrease in sales for the USB Turntable over the last few years. Another strength associated with GEK technologies comes from the product Record player as the manufacturing of this product requires high level of craftsmanship. In 2012, the employees of GEK technologies working on the record player division were older, more experienced and very loyal. These workers displayed the highest level of craftsmanship in the company as well as in the entire industry. This was evident from the fact that record players represented a relatively high proportion of total sales in certain places. Weaknesses: GEK’s weakness can be identified in the CD player and MP3 player division where the sales growth became stagnant after 2010. This also shows that the development of USB turntable was mistimed as it halted the sales of CD players and MP3 players whose sales rate were significantly higher than any other product divisions. Opportunities: GEK’s opportunities can be witnessed in the USB turntable production division as it is shows a sharper than expected increase. The investment in this division is prospective. This is aided with the consistent increase in the sales rate and rising demand of new style of products which are portable, which in turn would help the division to generate significant wealth for the companies. Moreover, USB turntable as a product can be viewed as a ground work for further development of other products. Apart from that, another opportunity can be noticed in the record player division. Since the sales rate of this division is decreasing rapidly and the technology is becoming obsolete, the company can choose to shut it down and use the excess proceeds, generated from selling the assets, to either invest in another prospective project or distribute the excess cash as dividends to the shareholders. Threat: Having studied the report of GEK, record player and USB turntable division poses a certain degree of threat to the company. Record player w hich is an obsolete technology has accrued obsolete assets and inventories worth $287,000. Moreover, the company might incur losses as there was a sharp decline in sales in this division and high cost of production was associated with it. The USB turntable division is another threat to the company because a sharper than expected increase in sales for the USB turntable had resulted in delays in production and a backlog of orders. This

Systematic and Unsystematic Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Systematic and Unsystematic Risks - Essay Example This makes multi-national corporations safer compared to their domestic counterparts. Normally, systematic risk assessment are important for listed companies to effectively price the equities, determining the cost of capital and effective evaluation of projects. However, internationalization also poses some distinct systematic risks to multi-national corporations. Some of these distinct risks are - exposure to currency fluctuations in multiple countries, exposure to political risks pertaining to multiple governments, exposure to reduction in ability of monitoring managers in multiple countries, increased chances of asymmetric & inaccurate localized information thus resulting in wrong investment decisions, etc. Internationalizing investment portfolios also increases the exposure to unsystematic risks - like competitor activity in a foreign country, manager's foul play in another country where the company's monitoring system is weak, etc. Hence, it is important for the organization to have sound global knowledge base & threat database for risk management. Organization structures with distributed power often increases the exposure to both systematic and non-systematic risks. This is the reason that Chatterjee and Lubatkin et al (1992. pp155) felt that vertical mergers reduces the exposure to both systematic and non-systematic risks. They also observed that vertically integrated companies are able to manage lower cost of capitals thus enabling the integrated company to participate in a wider set of opportunities. Hence, multi-national companies with centralized corporate governance and risk management possess lesser exposure to both systematic and unsystematic risks compared to companies having distributed (country specific) risk management & power structures. Cornell (1999. pp198-199) presented a correlation between risk duration and capital budgeting stating that long term projects may be having higher risks if the variations in cash flow is stochastic in nature. Such projects make estimations of discounted cash flow quite difficult and hence the author recommended discounting of long term projects at higher rates. This is the reason that investors normally prefer to invest in short term projects guaranteeing quick returns. Discussions on Risk Management in Deloitte The above analysis of risk exposures of multi-national corporations has been carried out to build analogy with Deloitte in which the author works as partner in Croatia. Deloitte is the largest and oldest multi-national corporation in risk advisory and audit services. Deloitte operates in multiple countries across the world through a tightly controlled "Franchisee" model in which local entrepreneurs are allowed to manage local business based on local market strategies but the risk management, code of conduct and operating methodology is largely governed globally by centralized power centers. The organization possesses a global knowledge base for risk management and allows diversification of portfolios in multiple coun

Primary education Essay Example for Free

Primary education Essay The World Education Forum in Dakar, Senegal approved a comprehensive vision of Education for All (EFA) to be achieved by 2015 based on the six goals. The six goals relate to the areas of early childhood care and education, universalising primary education, gender, youth and adolescents, adult education and quality of education. The main focus is on ‘reaching the unreached’ for ensuring complete coverage of education. With this background the Mid- Decade Assessment of Education for All was initiated to take stock of the progress made with respect to EFA Goals. Corresponding to this exercise, a comprehensive review of the progress made with respect to Education for All in India was conducted jointly by Government of India and the National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA). The present work which is a sequel to the National Report consists of a series of thematic and state review papers. There are nine thematic review papers covering all the six goals including three additional papers on three other themes, namely, Teacher and Teacher Education, Management Strategies for EFA and Financing of EFA in India. These thematic review papers are further followed by a series of analytical papers covering progress of EFA in twenty seven states of India. State reviews attempt to present a quick picture of the current level of progress in each state of India assessing the magnitude of the task involved in achieving EFA goals and projecting a realistic time frame as well as strategies needed to reach the goals. Each thematic review as well as state-specific analytical review paper has been prepared by an established expert in the respective area/state in close collaboration with national and state governments. The review papers along with the National Report present a comprehensive and disaggregated picture of the progress made towards EFA goals in the country. The papers are coming out at a very opportune time when the Parliament is engaged in debating the legislation to make education for all children a Fundamental Right. While the thematic papers highlight state of development of education with respect to different goals of EFA, the State papers present the diversity of the situation across the country. The whole series  would serve as an invaluable independent documentation on various aspects of EFA ranging from early childhood care and education to universal elementary education and adult literacy programmes using authentic data sources accompanied by a review of relevant empirical research. The whole Project involving the National Report along with the series of thematic and state analytical review papers were conceived and executed by Prof. Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment 3 Early Childhood Care and Education R. Govinda, NUEPA who led the entire exercise and would like to thank him profusely for his leadership. Dr. Mona Sedwal who as a part of the Project Team at NUEPA contributed immensely to the whole exercise also deserves appreciation. The Team immensely benefited by the advice given by the Technical Advisory Group set up under the Chairmanship of Professor A. K. Sharma for guiding the entire exercise. I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Prof. A. K. Sharma for his invaluable guidance. Finally, I would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support provided by UNICEF and UNESCO. Ved Prakash Vice Chancellor. National University of Educational Planning and Administration 4 iv Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment Early Childhood Care and Education Editorial Note Indian Constitution directs the State to provide free and compulsory education for all children upto the age of 14. This goal has been pursued by the country for nearly six decades through successive development plans. The last two decades have witnessed significant improvements in children’s participation in schooling, accompanied by substantial increase in investments. The recent effort to raise resources for the sector through imposition of an education cess is major effort in that direction. Even though school education has traditionally remained a subject for action by State Governments, Government of India has, during the last two decades following the National Policy on Education – 1986, begun to play a leading role. This culminated in the launching of the national programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in 2001. Despite all these efforts, the final goal of providing quality education for all has eluded the country. Urgency of reaching the goal has been heightened in recent years due to several national and international developments, including commitments made under the Dakar Framework for Action for providing quality Education for All by 2015, which not only covers primary education but also focus on literacy goals, gender equality and quality concerns. The Dakar Framework of Action listed the following six specific goals to be achieved by all countries. 1. Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children. 2. Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality. 3. Ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning and life skills programmes. 4. Achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literary by 2015, especially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults. 5. Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls’ full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality. 6. Improving every aspect of the quality of education, and ensuring their excellence so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills. The National Plan of Action for Education for All (2002) in India reflects this sense of urgency felt within the country by proposing to reach the targets much ahead of the international dateline. At the national level, the Constitutional Amendment in 2002 declaring education in the age group 6-14 which corresponds to the elementary education stage of schooling a fundamental right has brought the issue of universal elementary education (UEE) to the centre stage of public discourse. The country is in the process of drawing up the legislation for effective implementation of the right for Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment 5 Early Childhood Care and Education translating the constitutional provision into reality. With the progress made in recent years the goal seems to be achievable by the international time frame of 2015. But this requires systematic assessment of the various goals the present exercise is one such effort. UNESCO has been bringing out annual review of the progress made in moving towards the goal of EFA through the Global Monitoring Report. These assessments do not reflect an encouraging picture of the Indian scene. This is an issue of serious concern for the national leadership as one sixth of the world population lives in India. With around 65% adult literacy rate, there are more around 350 million adult illiterates in the country. This should not be taken to imply that no efforts are being made to meet the challenge of EFA. Besides, the national averages do not fully reflect the diverse reality characterizing educational progress in India. In fact, it is paradoxical that while certain pockets of the country are emerging as the international hub for creating a knowledge society, certain other regions and sections of the population continue to be deprived of even basic education. It is clear that in pursuing EFA goals, not all states and regions of the country are in the same league. The variety is too wide to draw any generalization. While some states have made remarkable progress in education, practically eradicating illiteracy and achieving near universal participation of children in elementary education, several other states continue to remain far from the final goal. What is needed to progress faster in moving towards the 2015 EFA deadline in all parts of the country? This obviously demands an analytical exercise goal wise as well as statewise. It is with this objective in view that the present exercise was taken up to make an independent assessment of the progress achieved in different states and with respect to different EFA goals. The present series of papers constitute the outcome of such a comprehensive exercise carried out by independent experts, in collaboration with Central and State Governments. The main purpose of the exercise is to place before policy makers, planners and the civil society as a whole an analytical picture of the progress made towards EFA goals and the challenges ahead for reaching the goals in a realistic fashion. The exercise consisted of three parts. The first part consisted of presenting an overview of progress in the country with respect to six goals highlighted in the Dakar Declaration. This was largely based on the technical guidelines for assessment prepared by UNESCO. A national report entitled â€Å"Education for All Mid-Decade Assessment: Reaching the Unreached† has been prepared and published jointly by NUEPA and Government of India. The Second Part consists of a series of nine thematic review papers dealing with different dimensions of ‘Education for All’ keeping in view the Indian context and priorities. These include: (i) Early Childhood Care and Education; (ii) Universal Elementary Education; (iii) Adult Education; (iv) Towards Gender Equality in Education; (v) Education of Adolescents and Young Adults; (vi) Quality of Education; (vii) teacher and teacher education; (viii) Management Strategies for EFA and (ix) Financing of EFA. Each of these papers has been prepared by an expert or experts 6 vi Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment Early Childhood Care and Education in the respective area. The papers were reviewed by another independent expert and revised based on the observations. The third part consists of analytical papers covering all states of India. Each thematic review as well as state-specific analytical review was prepared by an established expert in the respective area/state in close collaboration with national and state governments. The state level reviews are prepared on lines similar to what was followed for preparing the national review. Each of them deals with comprehensively on all six goals of EFA specified in the Dakar Declaration. The present paper by Venita Kaul and Deepa Sankar examines the situation with respect to Early Childhood Care and Education comprehensively dealing with school based pre-primary education programmes as well as the more widespread ICDS programme. In fact, this is an area of critical importance as increasing empirical evidence points to the value of providing pre school experience to children not only for improving their readiness for schooling but also as part of meeting their basic growth and development needs. Providing early childhood care and education is the first goal stated in the Dakar Framework for Action, and the National Plan of Action promises to take an integrated view of early childhood care and education. This elaborate exercise of assessing the progress in EFA should be viewed in the context of repeated assertions by the UNESCO Global Monitoring Report on EFA that Indian is at the risk of not making the global targets with respect to several EFA goals. The findings of the review clearly points out that the situation across the country is very diverse. While some States have registered fast progress on all fronts, some others continue to lag behind. Also in general, access to schooling has improved every where even though much remains to be done with respect to other goals of EFA. It is hoped that the various volumes brought out through the exercise would together present a realistic analysis and a disaggregated picture of the Education for All process and achievements in the country. R. Govinda Professor and Head Department of School and Non-formal Education National University of Educational Planning and Administration Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment. vii 7 Early Childhood Care and Education Acknowledgements This comprehensive exercise of reviewing the progress of EFA has been done through active involvement and support of a large team of experts and officials from Government of India as well as various State Governments. The exercise was carried out under the constant guidance of the members of the Technical Advisory Group under the leadership of Professor A. K. Sharma. The task could not have been completed without the commitment and support of Professor Ved Prakash, Vice Chancellor, NUEPA. Special thanks are due to Smt. Anita Kaul, Joint Secretary, MHRD, Government of India who played a central role in conceiving and implementing the whole exercise. Financial support for the exercise came from UNICEF and UNESCO; in particular, thanks are due to Mr. Samphe Lhalungpa who took personal interest in ensuring that the Project is completed smoothly. We would like to record our appreciation for the technical support and cooperation given by the NUEPA Publication Unit and for printing and publishing the volumes. EFA Project Team National University of Educational Planning and Administration 8 Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment. Early Childhood Care and Education Technical Advisory Group Professor A. K. Sharma Former Director NCERT Chairperson Professor Ved Prakash Vice Chancellor NUEPA Member Joint Secretary (EE) MHRD Member Professor R. Govinda Head Department of SNFE NUEPA Member Deputy Secretary MHRD Coordinator NUEPA Project Team Professor R. Govinda Head Department of SNFE NUEPA Project Director Dr. Mona Sedwal NUEPA Project Associate Fellow Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment 9 Early Childhood Care and Education About the Authors ix Venita Kaul is Senior Education Specialist in World Bank. Prior to joining the Bank she was Professor and Head of Department of Preschool and Elementary Education at the NCERT. She has written extensively in the areas of Early Childhood Education and Early Primary education in the Indian context and has several books and papers to her credit. Deepa Sankar is an Education Economist with the South Asia Human Development Department of the World Bank. 10 Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment Management of Elementary Education Contents Preface iii Editorial Note v Acknowledgements viii Technical Advisory Group ix About the Authors x Section I Introduction 1 Section II. Early Childhood Development (ECD) – The Indian Context 2 Section III ECCE –An Equity Issue 9 Section IV Providing for the Child in India Section V Coverage of ECCE Services 25 Section VI Public Spending on Children 30 Section VII Some Significant Issues and Concerns in ECCE 36 References 11 15 43 Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment Early Childhood Care and Education SECTION I INTRODUCTION The first six to eight years of a child’s life last a lifetime!! Known as the early childhood stage, these years are considerably, and often irreversibly, reduced. This research finding places a very large percentage of children in  globally acknowledged to be the most critical years for life-long development, since the pace of development in these years is extremely rapid. Recent poverty contexts, particularly in the developing world, ‘at risk’, in terms of their life chances. â€Å"By the time poorer children in many countries reach school research in the field of neuroscience has provided convincing evidence that â€Å"experience-based brain development in the early years sets neurological and age, they are at a significant disadvantage in cognitive and social ability† (The World Bank, 2005b:132). This early childhood stage is also biological pathways that affect health,  learning and behaviour throughout life†. (Mustard, 2007:40) It is in these early years of life that critical periods are important as a foundation for inculcation of social and personal habits and values, which are known to last a lifetime. It follows logically that these located for development of several cognitive, social and psychomotor competencies, which significantly contribute to later success in life. If years are crucial and important for investing in to ensure an enabling environment for every child and thereby a sound foundation for life. This is not these critical periods are not supported by, or embedded in a stimulating and  enriching physical and psycho-social environment, the chances of the child’s only the right of every child, but will also impact in the long term, on the quality of human capital available to a country, like India, whose main asset in the brain developing to its full potential are years to come will be its ‘youth power’. Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment 1 Early Childhood Care and Education SECTION II EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT (ECD) – THE INDIAN CONTEXT Our Cultural Heritage: Early Childhood Development (ECD) programs for children in the age group of prenatal to 6 years, derive their importance from the next. This  wealth of developmentally appropriate childcare practices is gradually becoming extinct, in the humdrum of more modern this rationale, and from the changing social, economic and demographic contexts over the last few decades that have often rendered homes ill-equipped provisions for children and changing social realities. to ensure optimal childcare. A look into India’s past cultural heritage indicates that traditionally, the early childhood years (from prenatal to five years) were are more specifically associated with changes in the family structure, from joint to nuclear, so that parenting, which was earlier a shared family  considered to lay the foundation for inculcation of basic values and social skills in children. It is believed that these values are imbibed from the responsibility, is now solely the responsibility of the parents; this responsibility is again often further delegated. While children from the family as the ‘sanskaras’ and the scriptures advocate an attitude of lalayat or indulgence, as the desirable mode of child rearing at this stage, as compared higher socio-economic strata are often left with paid surrogate care givers, in the lower socio-economic communities the responsibility of childcare gets to more disciplinary approach for the  older child! Much of the early care and education of the child was informal, within the family and largely through loaded on to the older sisters, thus keeping them often out of school and robbing them of both their childhood and basic education. In addition, the grandmothers’ caring practices, stories, lullabies and traditional infant games, handed down from one generation to growing urbanization and increase in maternal employment outside the home has further affected the possibilities of 2 Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment In India, as elsewhere, these changes Early Childhood Care and Education  ensuring â€Å"quality informal early care and education’ for the young child within the home. It was this changing social context, over the years, which laid the however, the concept of early childhood care and education (integrating health, nutrition and education aspects) has been widely accepted. India has in this seeds for the introduction of the concept of organized Preschool Education /Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) in the country. context, been able to put together a fairly supportive policy framework and has launched some major initiatives for children for this stage of development, ECCE-The Beginning: The earliest  formal documentation of preschool/early childhood education, as an organized which are discussed later in the paper. As a result, there has been noticeable, though not adequate, progress over the last fifty years, in both public and private initiative in India, dates back to the latter half of the nineteenth century when Gijubhai Badheka and Tarabai Modak, among others, became the pioneers of provision for young children. this movement in the country. Influenced by Madame Montessori’s visit to India, they established preschool education centers in Gujarat. In 1946 Three important principles of Child Development, substantiated by  research, have steered the evolution of programs for young children from just Madame Montessori met Mahatma Gandhi, who asked her to ‘indianize’ her method to make preschool education available to a large majority of children. ‘preschool education’ to the concept of more integrated and holistic Early Childho od Development programs. These principles assert that: (i) A child’s That was the beginning of ‘pre basic education’ in the rural parts of the country, largely through voluntary effort. Till India’s independence in 1947, early experiences and outcomes will determine the extent to which s/he will gain from subsequent interventions,  since child development is a continuous voluntary agencies and private institutions primarily fulfilled the need for ECCE, particularly in the form of preschool education. The first and cumulative process. A recent study in US demonstrated that by the age of 3 years, gaps in learning as measured by vocabulary are already large among government initiative in this area was the setting up of a Central Social Welfare Board in 1953, which started a grant–in–aid scheme for voluntary children from different social groups (The World Bank, 2005b); (ii) A child’s cognitive learning is affected by his/her socio-economic status, through the  agencies. Over this half century, child’s health (malnutrition, iron and Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment 3 Differentiating ECD, ECE and ECCE Early Childhood Care and Education micronutrient deficiency, and parasitic infections) and the quality of the home environment. Health, nutrition and education/ psycho-social development education has been one of its six components, in addition to health and nutrition. The nomenclature, Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) are all synergistically inter-related, and this makes a case for addressing all needs of children through a holistic approach; and (iii) The child’s  found its due place in the policy framework in India later in 1986 when an exclusive chapter of the National Policy on Education was devoted to it. development gains will be optimized and more sustainable, if the programs address not only the child, but the child’s overall context, including the ECCE was defined, in the policy in ways similar to ECD, as an integrated and holistic concept of care and education of children between 0-6 years from socially family. Consequently, Early Childhood Development (ECD) and/or ECCE as disadvantaged groups. This provision was seen as facilitating to lay the child’s foundation for life and also a support  service for girls and working mothers. understood by Indian professionals working with young children, refers to a holistic and integrated program of nutrition, health and early childhood The policy emphasized the joyful nature of ECCE, especially for the 3-6 years olds, and discouraged any formal instruction of the 3R’s at this early stage education which caters to children from prenatal to 6/8 years and which addresses the all round development of the child from a lifecycle perspective of education. In practice, however, ECCE programs for children have assumed various nomenclatures and definitions, depending on the priority a  (See Fig 1 for an Indian Conceptual Framework). While this nomenclature of ECD is relatively recent, India has the distinction of having conceptualized and particular program serves. These include Early Childhood Education (ECE) /preschool education programs which are focused only on preschool floated perhaps the world’s largest program for children, modeled on this definition, as early as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child Development education for 3-6 years olds (e. g. prenurseries, nurseries, kindergartens, preparatory schools, pre primary etc). These do not have any health or Services (ICDS), this program targets  children, pregnant and lactating mothers and adolescent girls from a lifecycle perspective. Non-formal preschool nutrition component, are ‘stand –alones’ or part of primary schools and generally in the non-governmental or private sector. 4 Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment Early Childhood Care and Education Figure 2. 1: An Indian Conceptual Framework for Integrated Child Development Determinants  ¦Maternal health, nutrition adequacy and quality of care of newborn  ¦Safe delivery, family and community support for the mother and baby  ¦Environmental hygiene, safe water and sanitation Prenatal to one month Outcomes  ¦ Healthy, responsive  newborn Indicators  ¦Mother not anemic or underweight  ¦Child weighs more than 2500 grams  ¦Child moves head side to side on being stimulated Determinants One month to three years Outcomes  ¦Freedom from intermittent diseases (diarrhea acute respiratory infection)  ¦Nutritional security  ¦Curiosity, sociability  ¦Confidence selfhelp and sensory motor skills Indicators  ¦Full immunization by end of year one  ¦Completion of all prophylaxis (e. g. vitamin A) by end of 3 years  ¦Toilet trained  ¦Ability to communicate clearly and confidently  ¦ Sociability and ability to stay away from family for a few hours  ¦Appropriate height and  weight for age  ¦ Age-appropriate gross motor and auditory-visual skills Three to six years Outcomes  ¦ Interest in learning school readiness skills (language, numeracy psychosocial skills)  ¦ Activeness, selfconfidence, awareness of environment  ¦ Freedom from intermittent diseases, nutritional security  ¦ Management of any identified disability Indicators  ¦Active participation in early childhood care and education activities.  ¦ Ability to narrate experience confidently  ¦Demonstration of curiosity  ¦Age-appropriate self-help social skills  ¦Age-appropriate height weight  ¦ Regular preschool attendance  ¦Nutrition adequacy, including  exclusive breast-feeding  ¦ Responsive complementary feeding, quality of mother/caregiver-child interaction  ¦Immunization, management of diarrhea and other illnesses  ¦Health and hygiene practices  ¦Sensory motor and language stimulation and opportunities for play and exploration  ¦ Cultural attitudes and stereotypes Determinants  ¦Quality early childhood care and education.  ¦Basic healthcare services including disability screening  ¦Nutrition adequacy and incidence of intermittent diseases  ¦Literacy level of parents, educational environment at home Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment 5 Early Childhood Care and Education Determinants.  ¦ Early childhood care and education experience/ school readiness  ¦Access to schooling  ¦Nutritional adequacy  ¦Quality of school  ¦Socio-cultural factors – extent of inclusion (gender, tribe, caste, etc. )  ¦Early detection of learning disabilities  ¦Social norm, role models and supportive home environment  ¦Safe water and sanitation, incidence of infestation and infection affecting regular attendance  ¦Female teachers Six to eight years Outcomes  ¦Sociability, selfconfidence/ selfesteem  ¦Ability to read and write, with a continued interest in learning  ¦Freedom from anemia and intermittent diseases Indicators  ¦ Demonstration of  competencies for Class 2 by end of age 8  ¦Regular attendance  ¦No worm infestation or anemia Determinants  ¦Quality of school  ¦Socio-cultural factors – inclusion (gender, tribe, caste), social norm  ¦Health promoting school  ¦Early detection of learning disabilities  ¦Infestation and infection occurrence, nutritional levels, particularly in girls  ¦Supportive home environment, community Eight to twelve + years Outcomes  ¦Successful completion of primary school with appropriate literacy and numeracy skills  ¦Active learning capacity  ¦Good health, nutrition  ¦Positive self-image  ¦Coping and social skills Indicators  ¦Regular school attendance.  ¦Eagerness to learn  ¦Sociability, activeness  ¦Demonstration of competencies for Class 5 at end of age 11  ¦Motivation and confidence to continue education Source: World Bank, 2004, pp. 12. It is now being increasingly realized that the ECCE stage itself has within it more than two distinct sub-stages, each with the first sub-stage of prenatal to three years, the developmental priority is ensuring health and nutritional wellbeing its own developmental priorities (See Figure 2. 1). ECCE can thus be further classified into the sub-stages of (a) prenatal to two and a half to three years; of the mother and child, since this is the  vulnerable stage for growth faltering and is also critical for brain development. This stage requires more of home- (b) 3- 4 years and (c) 4 to 5/6 years. For targeted 6 Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment parent counseling in nutrition Early Childhood Care and Education and health education and in ‘early psychosocial stimulation’. For the 3-4 years olds, the priority shifts to early learning and all round development include the more structured school readiness elements. Within this integrated framework, this paper focuses especially on the latter two sub- through a more organized center-based ECCE program, using the play way  method. For the 4-6 years olds, this program gets further expanded to stages within Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), i. e. for the 3-6 years olds. Graph 2. 1 Child Development Index 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 CDI- 1993 CDI 1999 Kerala Gujarat HP Haryana Punjab Orissa UP MP Bihar 0 CDI 2006 Graph 2. 1 shows that although almost all states showed improvements in child development related parameters, the improvements varied. The states, which had already reached higher levels of child development, improved marginally, while states with very low base indicators improved faster – like Bihar and UP. However, Bihar, UP, Rajasthan and MP continue to be below the all India average figures. These states are the laggard states in terms of child development and need more focused approach to develop child related outcomes. For that, it is also important to address their provision needs, as well as the socio-economic barriers to improve child development. Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment 7 Early Childhood Care and Education Graph 2. 2 Comparative difference in CDIs using immunization Vs malnutrition indicators (2004-06) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10  4 indicator CDI Nagaland JK Arunachal Rajasthan Assam Manipur Bihar Uttarakhand MP Mizoram Tripura Sikkim Meghalaya Punjab All-India AP UP Orissa Delhi Chattisgarh Goa West Bengal Karnataka Gujarat Haryana Maharashtra Kerala Jharkhand TN HP 0 5 indicator CDI However, if malnutrition indicators are taken into consideration in the CDI instead of immunization, the profile in terms of absolute CDI values changes. Interestingly, this shift is more significant in the case of states which are at the higher end, for example, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala (Graph 2. 2). Possibly, with better governance, literacy levels etc, these states demonstrate higher CDI levels when education and immunization indicators are included since both and related to the quality of service delivery. However, when impact in terms of child development outcomes are included (e. g. , underweight and stunted children), the inter-state variations get narrowed down. With states like Tamil Nadu, which have a history of effective feeding programs, the deterioration in CDI values indicated in Graph 2. 2 may well raise the question â€Å"Is feeding enough to address malnutrition in children? 8 Education for All – Mid-Decade Assessment Early Childhood Care and Education SECTION III ECCE –AN EQUITY ISSUE ECCE is now emerging as a significant equity issue in the Indian context. largely an outcome of a rapid expansion of private facilities, particularly in the Despite significant expansion of the ICDS program from the eighth plan onwards, the recent NFHS-3 data shows that the status of children in the urban sector. On the other, children from the lower socio-economic strata, whose need is perhaps greater due to impoverish.

Strategic Management Accounting Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management Accounting Essay This is an individual assignment of 3,000 words (+/-10%), excluding appendices and bibliography. The word count MUST be shown on the front of the assignment. There are TWO questions to be answered in this assignment. Each question carries a maximum mark of 50%. All of the learning outcomes for the module are being assessed in this assignment. The learning outcomes are shown in the section entitled â€Å"Marking Guide†, which is further on in this document. The University’s policy on cheating collusion and plagiarism will be applied to this piece of work. You are required to produce a report which answers the following TWO questions: Question 1 XYZ Limited is a medium sized manufacturing business which makes and sells products to a range of industrial customers who use XYZ’s products in their own products. The working capital of XYZ is typical of a manufacturing organisation in that at any point in time they have cash, trade receivables, inventories of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods and trade payables. The Managing Director of XYZ Limited believes that all parts of the working capital cycle could be improved and has asked you to produce a report which discusses how each part of the working capital cycle could be improved and which critically evaluates the implications of the improvements on XYZ and other connected parties (for example trade receivables and trade payables). Question 2 Many organisations use transfer pricing when transferring products between different divisions of the same organisation. You are required to discuss in detail the advantages and disadvantages of each of the following four methods: 1) Market based transfer prices; 2) Full cost transfer prices; 3) Cost-plus a mark-up transfer prices; and 4) Negotiated transfer prices. Guidance: Students are encouraged to be inquisitive and innovative in their approach as to what should be included in this report. The following may be of some use in providing guidance as to what could possibly be included, although this is in no way meant to be prescriptive. The aim of the assignment is to help you understand how key areas of strategic management accounting are applied in practice. This will include investigating topics from throughout the course linked to the above issues. Some of the principles, concepts and models will be more relevant to your chosen approach than others and so it is likely that different students will formulate different approaches to the problems. This is normal it is not expected that all of the course content will be used in the analysis concentrate on that which you feel is most important. As part of your work you might find it helpful to briefly explore the underlying theory behind the key areas of investigation that you identify before applying them to report. With a total of 3,000 words you do not have a lot of room for long introductions so assume you are writing to a sophisticated audience who has a working knowledge of strategic management accounting and is well versed in business theory. Numerical example for illustrative purposes may be of use  but should not be the main thrust of the work. If used they should be to provide evidence to support your findings from your other analysis of position and policies. If other sources are used remember to reference everything! Please avoid relying too heavily on descriptive sections reproducing information available from course material or the set text. It is your own logical, evaluation of the situation, the interpretation of course material and presentation, with critical analysis, of a coherent strategic plan that will attract high marks. Marking Guide The learning outcomes for this module assessed by this piece of work are Knowledge 1. Critically evaluate a range of key strategic management accounting models and concepts. 2. Critically understand of specific analytical skills in key areas within management accounting at local and international level 3. Critically understand of the role and limitations of management accounting theory. Skills 4. Applied the key management accounting concepts and methodologies in order to contribute to successful decision making in an organisation. In light of this the assessment criteria in the grid below will be used when assessing your work.

Wireless Communication Impact on Business

Wireless Communication Impact on Business Technology means invention of techniques and tools. Emerging technology will change the world drastically. As the world continues to move, so does the improvement of technology. Every year discard light on improvements to yesterdays devices and new innovations appearing on the scope. Many scientific events have become possible through technologies which assist humans to do many things we could not do otherwise. Day to day new technologies is emerging very rapidly. New technologies those are currently developing or will be developed over the next few years, and which will substantially alter the business and social environment. These include information technology, wireless data communication, bio-technologies, bio-informatics, man-machine communications, and advanced robotics. Emerging technologies are constantly being developed in order to meet the needs of companies and people. Some of emerging technologies for this year are Bio-electronics and wetware, energy harvesting, printed e lectronics, biofeedback and thought control of electronics, plastic memory, resistive RAM, various battery technologies, single cell analysis, and neutron control. Technology runs in the layers of society. It is one of the fuels that drive our lives. We would discuss two of emerging technologies and its impact on business and society briefly. Introduction An Emerging Technology is a common term used to represent major technological developments, introducing new revolutions in the earlier technologies. Emerging Technologies are the technical innovations which signify progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage. Examples of present emerging technologies are Wireless Communication, Nano technology, Biotechnology, Artificial Intelligence Wireless Energy Transfer, robotics and etc. Emerging Technologies has severe impact on business and society. However, the level of impact on business and society may vary from technology to technology. The way we do our business and live our lives would be much different if the technologies are not continuously changing. Because of Emerging technologies, business has been able to progress in such a way that we can communicate across the globe without leaving their respective offices. Example Web conferencing, Teleconferencing. The entertainment media has progressed because of advancement in technology only. The latest technological advances are not only limited to business but also has severe impact on society. Emerging technology has affected the way we live in many ways. Example: Medical technology, Global Positioning System (GPS) etc. Because of these technologies, we live our lives very comfortably. Technology has brought luxury in the life of the common man. It has saved human effort and time to a large extent. It has brought distant place closer and simplified information access. Emerging technologies has both pros and cons. Emerging Technology I Wireless Communication: Wireless Communication means transfer of information from one place (location) to another place (location) without using wires or electrical conductors. The distance between the locations may be short or long. When the information transferring between two locations without using wires is clear then the term is referred as wireless. In general Wireless communication is considered as a branch of telecommunications. The marginalized technology for wireless communication is wired communication. Wireless System has more propagation and transmission effects compared to wired system. In the olden days of wireless telegraphy, Marconi proved that wireless signals can be cross over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Now a days we are not using radio technology to cover large distances. Because of developments in digital electronics and signal processing, so many methods are there to overcome the differences of the mobile channel and thereby accelerating the growth of wireless communication. In addition advanced digital modulation techniques such as spread spectrum or multi carrier modulation (MCM) is suitable for wireless communication. Many new developments in wireless office networks (Hyper LAN or IEEE 802.11) involve spread spectrum transmission, and allow coexistence with other services, Bluetooth and many proprietary solutions use deregulated (ISM) radio bands. Spread spectrum transmission methods i nclude slow and fast frequency hopping, direct sequence CDMA and multi carrier CDMA. Spread spectrum signals are relatively vigorous to multipath dispersion. These methods permit multiple users to share the same radio channel. In future Wireless communication networks or multimedia networks, the multiple access issue becomes significantly more essential than it is for circuit switched voice communication. The ALOHA, CSMA and ISMA all allow multiple users to share the same radio communication resources. How these protocols perform substantially for guided (wired) and an unguided (radio) channels? Performance of these protocols highly depends on the physical propagation characteristics of the channel. (Jean-Paul M.G. Linnartz, 1996-2004) Examples of wireless communication are Cellular telephones and pagers, Cordless computer peripherals, Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite television, Wireless gaming, Wireless networking and Consumer two way radio including General Mobile Radio Service and Citizens band radios. Cellular communication has modernized the communication industry. In wireless communication Radio Frequency (RF) waves, Electromagnetic (EM) waves, Infrared rays (IR) and microwaves can carry over a part or the entire communication path. Wireless communication can be via: Radio frequency communication. Microwave communication, for example line of sight propagation via highly directional antennas. Infrared (IR) short range communication, for example from remote controls or via Infrared Data Association (IDA). (Wireless Communication, Accessed on April 5th, 2010) Categories: Radio Communication system Amateur radio Land Mobile Radio or Professional Mobile Radio: TETRA, P25, Open Sky, EDACS, DMR. Cordless telephony: DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) Cellular Networks: 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G Beyond 3G (4G), Future wireless Short range point to point communication: Wireless microphones, Remote controls, AIRD, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), Wireless USB, DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications), near field communication. Wireless Networks: Wireless LAN (WLAN), IEEE branded as Wi-Fi and Hiper LAN, Wireless Metropolitan Area networks (WMAN) and Broad band fixed Access (BWA) (LMDS, WiMAX, AIDAAS and HiperMAN). Wireless sensor networks: Bluetooth, TransferJet, ZigBee, EnOcean, Personal area networks, Ultra-wideband (UWB from WiMedia Alliance). Advantages: To make available of a backup communication link in case of a regular network failure. To cover a distance away from the capabilities of distinctive cabling. To connect portable or transitory workstations. To surmount situations where standard cabling is not easy or economically unfeasible. To remotely connect mobile users or networks. Disadvantages: Fading Inter and Intra cell interference Capturing effects In wireless networks the above disadvantages are present and considerably influence the performance, such as throughput, stability and delay for a wireless ALOHA-net. Also, the performance seen by each participating terminal differs from the average performance of the network and extremely depends on the terminals location. (Jean-Paul M.G. Linnartz, 1996-2004) Two common assumptions for wire line networks must be refined for the realistic analysis of the performance of wireless networks: If there is no collision occurs simultaneously on the same channel then the data packet is received successfully. Data packets will be lost if they are involved in a collision. Some specific solutions are existing effectively to resolve collisions; they include the tree algorithm, the stack algorithm and dynamic frame length ALOHA. The combined use of CDMA and random access directs to new system concepts. (Jean-Paul M.G. Linnartz, 1996-2004) Applications: The main application of wireless communication is omnipresent network connectivity. Point-to-Point communication, Point-to-multi point communication, Broadcasting, Cellular networks, Security systems, Television remote control, Cellular telephone (phones and modems) Computer interface devices and Other wireless networks. Impact of Wireless communication on business: Wireless communication technology can have a significant impact on business. Wireless communication is also known as Wi-Fi (Wireless fidelity) or WLAN (wireless local area network), uses low-power radio waves to transmit data over distances from one device to another without the use of wires, allowing senders and recipients to access information while on the move. Especially for business, Wi-Fi is invaluable as it allows the boss, who travels frequently, to stay in touch with his employees back at the office. Because of Wireless communication more individuals started work from home. The rapid development of wireless communication is primarily through cell phones and wireless internet. The wireless communication revolution is bringing fundamental changes to data networking, telecommunications, and is making integrated networks a reality. By freeing the user from the cord, personal communication networks, wireless LANs, mobile radio networks and cellular systems, harbour the promise of fully distributed mobile computing and communications, anytime, anywhere. E-mail and company web sites are advantageous communication technology for businesses. Businesses that use these electronic communication tools are able to expand their market place. Because of raising growth of wireless technologies, allow access to the networks for the workplace community. So that customers, clients and employees want network and service from different places of the company. There has been considerable interest lately for all businesses to set up mobile computing workplaces for their employees and also mobile computing for other functions of the business from distributors, suppliers and service providers. Recently industries have made significant progress in wireless technology to determine some constraints. Because of this wireless technologies become popular. Some of these constraints have included different standards, low bandwidth, and high infrastructure and service cost. Wireless technologies can both support the organizational company mission and offer cost effective solutions. Because of Wireless technologies so many new applications are there such as to connect computers, to permit remote monitoring and data acquisition, to provide con trol and security, and to provide a solution for environments where wires may not be the best implementation. (My Wireless Business Accessed on 19 Mar 2010) Overusing technology in business communication can lead to an overload in overusing communication. Messages began to lose importance with communication overload. Personal use of communication technology in the workplace lost time for businesses. Creating rules for use of communication technology reduces the amount of lost time a business suffers from this problem. Impact of Wireless Communication on Society: The development of wireless technology and wireless devices accessing of information can be possible approximately anywhere and people can be in touch with one another in various places. Wireless technology has both advantages and disadvantages. Wireless Technology is responsible for creating self doubt, disrupting relationships and as a tool for manipulation. However, the market for wireless devices, whether there is everywhere mobile phone, PDAs or wireless enabled computers and appliances, continues to grow and develop with new technologies emerging every day. The rapid development of wireless communication is primarily through cell phones and wireless internet over the past 15 years. Because of mobile phone so many changes in society. It has changed the way of communication between the people. In a home atmosphere, wireless technology simplifies various tasks which can eventually lead to less stress. A wireless network can do many things or plenty of work in a cool environment. Most inventions in history affect society for decades following its introduction in to the consumer market. Sometimes the consequences and side effects of a product do not become apparent until much later when there is more time for the social impact to catch up with the widespread use of the product. This is no exception with wireless communications because the social impacts have not been fully discovered. (Markoff, 2004) Emerging Technology II Artificial Intelligence (AI): Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers behave intelligently. Artificial Intelligence is the present generation computer technology. In simple Artificial Intelligence means those computer program and software which would think of its own as an average Human being does. It is related to the similar task of using computers to know human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically visible. In other way artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science and the intelligence of machines that aims to create it. Text books define artificial intelligence as the study and designing of intelligent agents, where an intelligent agent is considered as a system that perceives its environment and takes actions to maximize its ability of success. John McCarthy, who invented the term artificial intelligence, defines it as the science and e3ngineering of making intelligent machines. The marginalized technology for artificial intelligence is human decision and human analysis. Computer programs have plenty of speed and memory but their capabilities correspond to the intellectual mechanisms that program designers understand well enough to put in programs. One of AIs first projects was the development of mathematical language much like a computer language, in which researchers could encode assertions. If the language was rigorous enough, computer algorithms could be able to comb through assertions written in it and calculate all the logically valid inferences. Once they had developed such languages, AI researchers started using them to encode lot of commonsense assertions, which they sorted in huge databases. Moores law states that for every 18 months the number transistors on the chip will be doubled, processing power doubles while cost hold constant. In fact, when computers were first built, people proposed them for doing nothing but mindless computations, but as the development of newer technologies, computers eventually were limited to arithmetic anymore, they are now called Artificial intelligence. The computer technology has changed the face of the world. Computers can store, organize and handle enormous amounts of data. They can process huge amounts of information. Computers have given increase to the software industry, one of the most progressive industries of the world. (An Introduction to AI, Accessed on Mar 25, 2010) Types of AI: Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI: A computer running suitable software actually is intelligent. Weak AI: Intelligence is something that only biological systems can posses. The best that can be accomplished with a machine is to stimulate intelligence. Advantages: Unemotional consideration of problems means human mind may have emotions. When people take decisions, sometimes those decisions are based on emotion rather than logic, so it may be wrong decision. That thing could not be happen with AI. Disadvantages: AI replaces human, means people believe that machine work accurately than human. So human become more dependent on AI and trust the results and decisions made by AI. This implies that more jobs are done by AI machines and the fewer are offered to human. Because of unemployment rate, it is likely that more people will be losing their jobs competing with machines. Due to this an economic destruction will occur and because of this an increase in crime rate and starvation. Economic destruction is not only because of using AI but also Technology that could be harmful to minds of small children. Applications: Pattern recognition Optical character recognition Face recognition Speech recognition Computer Vision, virtual reality and image processing Game theory and strategic planning Game artificial intelligence and Computer game boot Hybrid intelligent system Diagnosis (artificial intelligence) Natural language processing, Translation and Chatter Bots Artificial creativity Heuristic clarification Robotics Behaviour based robotics Cybernetics Evolutionary robotics Epigenetic robotics Cognitive robotics The impact of Artificial Intelligence on business: Evolution of artificial intelligence and information technology has effect the business in order to improve their performance. Due to information technologies information gathering, communication between the people will be fast. So the results were very accurate. AI is essential for economy and now is one of the main sources of business and employment. It also gives an additional form of communication and exchange of information which was not accessible before. Technology is relevant in politics as governments are trying to adopt IT for making improvements in the storage of data, and finally it is essential for economy as now it is one of the main sources of business and employment. On the information superhighway, the internet, the world is a very small place and distance, nationality, income are irrelevances, but the existence of such a network with high speed, worldwide communications together with satellites, has meant that news, ideas and other information can be spread, world-wide in the blink of an eye and with this now possible, some of the traditional constraints have been loosened. The development of the internet means can now work from their homes. The so called information superhighway makes a variety of different services and types of information available at the touch of a button, to the point where its next to impossible to avoid exposure to one kind or another. It happens very often that the information you get on the Internet, especially with search engines is too much. In the web you may easily get lost when you are looking for something as you are usually beleaguered by an amount of information that is misdirected and irrelevant for you. With the internet you cannot have the same experience as for instance with a book, where the material is selected and organized with some coherence. There is no way to distinguish the brilliant from the trash, you can never be sure that what you are reading is true. (Harvard Business School Publishing May 2005) The impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society: Artificial Intelligence has been developed for many years and is already widely used in human society. Ex. Hospitals use Artificial intelligence machines to diagnose patients. The invention of the computer and its associated technologies has a major impact on many areas of our everyday lives. Technology affects everyone in the modern society in the aspects of work and leisure activities. Technology is one of the major energetic force of the future, is altering our lives and shaping our future at rates unprecedented in history. Due to different technologies we are satisfied with our lives. Technology is essential for our society, its elaboration, and production at the centre of the cultural, political and economic fields, which are the basis of the society. Human beings solve most of their troubles by means of fast, instinctive judgements rather than the aware, step-by-step subtraction that early AI study was able to model. Artificial Intelligence has made some progress at replicated this type of sub figurative problem solving; personified agent approaches stress the importance of sensor motor skills to advanced reasoning neural net research attempts to rep licate the structure of inside human and animals brain that give rise to this talent. (Harvard Business School Publishing May 2005) Conclusion: As we discuss two types of emerging technologies (wireless communication and artificial intelligence) and their impact on business and society. Because of emerging technologies, we are doing many which would otherwise not possible.